
Measles
Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the measles virus. It is spread by droplets or direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected persons and less commonly by airborne spread or by indirect contact.
Clinical symptoms range from “Koplik” spots to mild and severe fever. Up to 75% of children infected with the disease may develop diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, laryngo-tracheal bronchitis (croup) and encephalitis. Measles may also cause sever eye complications and blindness, longer-term brain damage and deafness, and death.
Measles continues to remain a heavy public health burden worldwide with 30-40 million cases occurring annually. It may be ultimately responsible for more child deaths than any other single agent and is a major cause of preventable blindness in the world.
Rubella
Rubella is a moderately contagious disease caused by the rubella virus. Transmission of the virus is via airborne droplets.
Clinical symptoms are usually mild and may include inflammation of the lymph nodes and a rash. There may also be complications involving the central nervous system and 70% of infected adult women develop arthritis. If acquired during pregnancy, rubella can cause congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in newborns, including deafness, blindness, heart disease and mental retardation. If rubella is acquired during early pregnancy, fetal defects occur in up to 90% of cases and can result in miscarriage or stillbirths.
It has been estimated that over 100,000 cases of CRS occur in developing countries each year, but the burden is largely unclear.
|